In a token economy, tokens function as which type of reinforcer?

• A. Primary reinforcers
• B. Negative reinforcers
• C. Secondary reinforcers
• D. Punishers

Answer: (C)

Tokens in a token economy are conditioned reinforcers. They gain value through association with primary rewards—things like food, privileges, or activities the individual desires—so the token itself becomes reinforcing after learning this link. Because tokens don’t satisfy a biological need on their own, they aren’t primary reinforcers. Their reinforcing power comes from being exchanged for those primary rewards, which is why they function as secondary reinforcers. This setup is a form of positive reinforcement, encouraging the targeted behavior by offering a token that can later be traded for a desirable outcome. They aren’t negative reinforcers, which work by removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior, nor are they punishers, which would decrease behavior.