In Kohlberg's theory, which stage is characterized by universal ethical principles?

• A. Stage 1
• B. Stage 2
• C. Stage 5
• D. Stage 6

Answer: (D)

In Kohlberg's framework, the final level of moral development uses abstract reasoning about universal ethical principles. At this stage, people judge right and wrong by principles like justice, equality, and human rights that apply to all people, regardless of laws or social expectations. They may follow these universal principles even when they conflict with laws or the wishes of others because the principle itself takes precedence. This contrasts with earlier levels that rely on obeying authority, avoiding punishment, seeking rewards, or conforming to social norms. Because it involves complex, abstract thought about rights and justice, this is the most advanced and least commonly reached stage.