Opponent Process Theory describes motivation that stems from contrasts in opposite stimuli such as pain and pleasure. Which model is this?

• A. Opponent Process Theory
• B. Maslow's Hierarchy
• C. Drive Reduction Theory
• D. Expectancy Theory

Answer: (A)

The main idea is that motivation can come from balancing opposite emotional states after a stimulus. Opponent Process Theory posits that every strong reaction (like pain or aversion) is followed by an opposing response that counteracts it. The initial aversive reaction is followed by a rebound of the opposite, often more pleasant state. With repeated exposure, the opposing response strengthens, so the person is motivated to seek out experiences that re-create that contrasting state or to relieve the rebound effect. This contrast-driven motivation explains why pain and pleasure can drive behavior, unlike theories that focus on basic needs, reducing drives, or expected rewards.