Which learning theory posits that behavior is shaped by consequences?

• A. Classical Conditioning
• B. Operant Conditioning
• C. Observational Learning
• D. Social Learning Theory

Answer: (B)

Behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it. In operant conditioning, actions that produce reinforcing outcomes become more likely, while those followed by punishers become less likely. Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it. Positive reinforcement adds a reward; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to encourage the behavior. Positive punishment adds an unpleasant consequence to reduce a behavior; negative punishment removes something desirable to reduce a behavior. Through these contingencies, organisms learn to repeat actions that lead to rewards and avoid those that lead to discomfort. This approach contrasts with classical conditioning, which is about forming associations between stimuli, and with observational or social learning, which involve learning by watching others and incorporating cognitive processes.