Which theory posits that people avoid information that would increase cognitive dissonance?

• A. Social identity theory
• B. Bystander effect
• C. Cognitive dissonance theory
• D. Social exchange theory

Answer: (C)

Cognitive dissonance theory explains why people avoid information that would increase dissonance. When individuals hold conflicting beliefs or when their behavior contradicts their attitudes, they feel psychological discomfort. To ease this tension, they engage in dissonance-reduction strategies, including selective exposure—avoiding or discounting information that would amplify the conflict. For example, someone who sees themselves as health-conscious might avoid articles that challenge their eating habits, or they might reinterpret data to align with their beliefs. The other theories describe different social processes (group identity and self-esteem, diffusion of responsibility in emergencies, or cost-benefit calculations in social interactions) and don’t specifically focus on avoiding dissonant information.