Which type of memory interference occurs when earlier information interferes with memory for newly learned information?

• A. Retroactive interference
• B. Encoding failure
• C. Retrieval-induced forgetting
• D. Proactive interference

Answer: (D)

Proactive interference happens when information learned earlier gets in the way of learning or recalling new material. When older memories are similar or overlapping with what you’re trying to remember now, they can compete and make it harder to encode or retrieve the newer information. For example, memorizing a new password might be hindered by the old password intruding into recall. This is different from retroactive interference, where the new information disrupts memory of the old material. Encoding failure involves not forming the memory in the first place, and retrieval-induced forgetting occurs when retrieving some items makes others harder to access.